Slovenian Word Associations with Explanations WAX-sl

  Authors

Vrabl, Klara ; Vintar, Špela and Brglez, Mojca

  Item identifier

http://hdl.handle.net/11356/2358

 Referenced by

http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12556/RUL-184558

 Date issued

2026-08-25

 Type

lexicalConceptualResource, text

 Size

1262 items

 Language(s)

Slovenian

 Description

WAX-sl is the first Slovenian word association dataset that pairs cue–association pairs with a short explanatory sentence and, for a subset of the data, a semantic relation label. It adapts the methodology of the English WAX (Word Association eXplanations) dataset (Liu et al., 2022) to Slovenian. The 100 cue words were randomly sampled from the Reference List of Slovenian Frequent Common Words (Arhar Holdt et al., 2020), balanced by part of speech (34 nouns, 33 verbs, 33 adjectives). Data were elicited in two phases from 9 paid annotators (students of linguistics/digital linguistics), each cue answered by 4 participants: in Phase 1 participants gave up to three free associations per cue, and in Phase 2 they wrote a short sentence (3–15 words) explaining the relation between cue and association. This produced 1,261 cue–association–explanation triples. A subset of 700 triples (covering all 100 cues) was further annotated with a semantic relation label using an extended version of the WAX relation taxonomy, comprising 21 fine-grained labels across five coarse categories (Concept-Properties, Situational, Taxonomic, Linguistic, None-of-the-Above). Each item was independently labelled by two of five trained annotators and adjudicated by a third curator; inter-annotator agreement (pairwise Cohen's κ) was 0.46. The remaining 561 triples were not selected for relation annotation and are marked NA in the Relation column. The dataset is released as a CSV file with the columns: ID (unique triple identifier), CUE (cue word), ASSOCIATION (association given in response to the cue), EXPLANATION (explanatory sentence linking cue and association), and RELATION (semantic relation label, or NA if not annotated). WAX-sl was created as part of the master's thesis "A multilingual comparison of human-generated and LLM-generated associations" (Vrabl, 2026), which also compares this human dataset against associations generated by three LLMs (Gemma 3, GaMS, Magistral Small). References: Holdt, Špela Arhar, Senja Pollak, Marko Robnik Šikonja, and Simon Krek. 2020. ‘Referenčni Seznam Pogostih Splošnih Besed Za Slovenščino’. Conference on Language Technologies & Digital Humanities. http://hdl.handle.net/11356/1346. Liu, Chunhua, Trevor Cohn, Simon De Deyne, and Lea Frermann. 2022. WAX: A New Dataset for Word Association eXplanations. In Proceedings of the 2nd Conference of the Asia-Pacific Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 12th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers), pages 106–120, Online only. Association for Computational Linguistics. https://aclanthology.org/2022.aacl-main.9/ Vrabl, Klara. 2026. A multilingual comparison of human-generated and LLM-generated associations. Master's thesis, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12556/RUL-184558.

 Publisher

Jožef Stefan Institute

 Acknowledgement

ARIS (Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency) GC-0002 "LLM4DH: Large Language Models for Digital Humanities"

 Subject(s)

word associations explanations

 Collection(s)

CLARIN.SI data & tools

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